H Progress in Heat Watch – Warning System Technology
نویسندگان
چکیده
eat is the deadliest of all atmospheric phenomena. From 1979 to 1999, the deaths of 8015 Americans were directly associated with excessive heat exposure (Centers for Disease Control 2002). This toll underestimates heat’s true impact, however, as there is no consensus on what constitutes a “heat-related death,” and death certificates often do not identify when heat has acted as a catalyst in exacerbating pre-existing cardiovascular, respiratory, and other conditions (e.g., Ellis and Nelson 1978; Kalkstein and Valimont 1987). Indeed, during the hot summer of 1980, across the United States some 10,000 deaths may have been associated with the oppressive heat (National Climatic Data Center 2002), and the hot summer of 2003 in Europe may have claimed nearly 15,000 lives in France alone (New York Times 2003). Exposure to the heat can be associated with heat syncope, cramps, exhaustion, and heatstroke (e.g.,
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